74*245 Motor Driver

H-Bridge Driver

Simple PWM Gen.

Handy Method Measuring RPM

Measuring RPM via Photo reflector

Introduction to Robotic

DC, Stepper,and Servo Motor

Microcontroller Tutorial

Computer Interface
Tutorial
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The sensor I used had a = 930 K and b = 36 K. If we plot a curve of the voltage swing over a range of values of R1 we can see that the maximum swing is obtained at R1= 150 K (use calculus for an accurate value). There is a catch though, with such high resistance, the current is very small and hence susceptible to be distorted by noise. The solution is to strike a balance between sensitivity and noise immunity. I chose value of R1 as 60 K. Your choice would depend on the ‘a’ and ‘b’ values of your sensor. If you found this part confusing, use a 10K resistor straightaway, as long as you are using a comparator it won’t matter much.
Motor Interface and Control Circuit:

The 8 sensors are connected to PORTA.
You need not connect anything to AVCC and AREF, it is required only if ADC is used. The L298 Motor Driver has 4 inputs to control the motion of the motors and two enable inputs which are used for switching the motors on and off. To control the speed of the motors a PWM waveform with variable duty cycle is applied to the enable pins. Rapidly switching the voltage between Vs and GND gives an effective voltage between Vs and GND whose value depends on the duty cycle of PWM. 100% duty cycle corresponds to voltage equal to Vs, 50 % corresponds to 0.5Vs and so on. The 1N4004 diodes are used to prevent back EMF of the motors from disturbing the remaining circuit. Many circuits use L293D for motor control, I chose L298 as it has current capacity of 2A per channel @ 45V compared to 0.6 A @ 36 V of a L293D. L293D’s package is not suitable for attaching a good heat sink, practically you can’t use it above 16V without frying it. L298 on the other hand works happily at 16V without a heat sink, though it is always better to use one.

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